Lord, F. M. (1956). A study of speed factors in tests and academic grades . Psychometrika , 21 (1), 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289085

Journal article

Two level tests (non-speeded) and three highly speeded tests were administered.

Participants were 649 students entering the U.S. Naval Academy.

Tests of verbal ability, spatial ability, and arithmetic reasoning with 7 tests in each area. School grades served as a criterion measure.

Three factors of the dependent measures were confirmed. A number speed factor and perceptual speed factor was found and they were separate from a verbal speed and spatial speed factor, which also were found. No arithmetic reasoning speed factor was found. All factors were highly intercorrelated. Grades formed a verbal-academic grade factor.