Alt, M., Arizmendi, G., Beal, C., & Hurtado, S. (2012). The effect of test translation on the performance of second grade English learners on the KeyMath-3 . Journal of Analytical Psychology , 50 (1), 27–35. https://doi.org/doi:10.1002/pits.21656

Spanish-enhanced test version

Students who are English learners in grade 2 from Tucson, Arizona public schools

Children showed significantly better performance on the translated items. It appeared they benefited from more familiar vocabulary, phrasing and grammatical forms of their primary language, which facilitated their math problem solving. There were mixed results on the relationship between primary language vs. English dominance in children and the relationship to the degree of improvement on Spanish items compared to English.